电焊机的主要部件是一个降压变压器，次级线圈的两端是被焊接工件和焊条，工作时引燃电弧，在电弧的高温中将焊条熔接于工件的缝隙中。由于电焊变压器的铁芯有自身的特点，因此具有电压急剧下降的特性，即在焊条引燃后电压下降；在焊条被粘连短路 时，电压更是急剧下降。
在焊接操作时，虽然电路中的电流处处相等，但由于各处的电阻 不一样，在不固定接触处的电阻** 大（这个电阻叫接触电阻），根据电 流的热效应定律（也叫焦尔定律），即 Q=IRt可知：在电流相等时，则电阻越大的部位发热越高，因此在焊接时，焊条的触头也就是被接的金 属体的接触处的接触电阻**，则在这个部位产生的电热自然也就**多，加之焊条是熔点较低的合金，自然容易熔化。熔化后的合金焊条芯粘合在被焊物体上，冷却后便把焊接对象粘合在一块。
一般直流逆变电焊机面板上均设有输出直流电流调节旋钮。逆变直 流电焊机先是将单相交流220V电压 或三相交流 380v电压进 行桥式整流、 滤波，然后供给功率开关器件进行 逆变处理。
少部分逆变电焊机先利用555 时基电路等脉冲产生电路产生矩形 脉冲波，再利用三极管进行电流放大，接着用一对互补场效应管进行电压放大，从而产生高频信号，**后利用升压变压器进行升压，在二次绕组上得到感应交流电。其功率的 大小取决于放大电路的放大能力。
逆变电焊机多采用由 IGBT管组成单端正激式逆变电路， 其控制系统多采用脉宽调制芯片SG3525，其逆变频率为20kHz，并能进行恒流外特性控制。系统在空载时，由于采用电压反馈控制，PWM 调制器间断地输出脉冲，因间歇振荡的频率低且脉冲宽度窄，这样不但空载损耗小，而且变压器不易饱和。由于该类焊机采用以脉宽调制 PWM为核心的控制技术，从而可获得较好的恒流特性和优异的焊接工 艺效果。
焊机的分类还没有一个权威的分类方法，以下的分类主要是以市面上的行业用途来简单的分类：
（1）工矿企业主要用的焊机有：交流弧焊机、直流电焊机、氩弧焊机、二氧化碳保护焊机、对焊机、点焊机、埋弧焊机、高频焊逢机、闪光对焊机、压焊机、碰焊机 激光焊机 交流焊机和直流焊机
（2）直流焊机有二种：一种是交流电机的基础下加装整流原件，还有一种是直流发电机。直流焊机主要焊有色金属、生铁为主。交流焊机主要焊钢板为主。
（3）氩弧焊机、二氧化碳保护焊机、高频逢焊机、闪光对焊机。氩弧焊机、二氧化碳保护焊机主要可焊2MM以下的薄板及有色金层。闪光对焊机主要对接铜铝接头等物体，高频逢焊机主要制管厂焊钢管。
（4）埋弧焊主要焊钢结构件、桥梁H钢、工字房大梁等厚的钢结构材料。
（5）气体保护焊：氩弧焊、二氧化碳保护焊，在气体的保护下焊接时不会氧化、溶焊牢固、可焊有色金属、可焊薄材料。
（6）激光焊机：可焊晶体管内部的引线。
（7）对焊机：索链厂主要焊锚上的铁索等物体。可对接元钢等。
（8）多功能电焊机。
（9）点焊机。
（10）对焊机。
（11）螺栓焊机。
（12）二氧化碳氨气体焊机。
OXYTECHNIK 763.900131400天欧德国进口
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